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Battle of Mardia
The Battle of Mardia, also known as Battle of Campus Mardiensis〔''Anon. Valesianus, 17 : "Quibus frustra remissis, iterum reparato bello, in campo Mardiense ab utroque concurritur et post dubium ac diuturnum proelium Licini partibus inclinatis profuit noctis auxilium."〕 or Battle of Campus Ardiensis, was fought, probably at modern Harmanli (Bulgaria) in Thrace,〔N.E. Lenski 2006, p.74〕 in late 316/early 317 between the forces of Roman Emperors Constantine I and Licinius.
== Background ==
Open civil war between Constantine and Licinius broke in 316 when the former invaded Licinius' Balkan provinces. After his crushing defeat at the Battle of Cibalae on October 8, 316,〔For the consensus on the new dating of the battle of Cibalae in 316, see D.S. Potter 2004, p.378, C. Odahl 2004, p.164, W. Treadgold 1997, p.34, A. Cameron, S.G. Hall 1999, p.41. Also see A.S. Christensen, L. Baerentzen, ''Lactantius the Historian'', Museum Tusculanum Press, 1980, p.23〕 (some historians date it in 314),〔See, for instance, Ramsay MacMullen, ''Constantine'', Routledge, 1987, p.67 and A.H.M. Jones, ''Constantine and the Conversion of Europe'', The English University Press, 1948, p.127〕 Licinius fled to Sirmium then further south to Adrianople where he collected a second army, under the command of an officer named Valerius Valens whom he raised to the rank of Augustus. Simultaneously, he tried to negotiate with Constantine but the latter, insulted by the elevation of Valens and confident from his recent victory, rejected the peace offer.〔D.S. Potter 2004, p.378 and C. Odahl 2004, p.164〕
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